Queensland Distance Education Schools Not Catering to Remote Students?

ABC TV's Landline program featured "Data Drought" (Pip Courtney, 4/10/2015 1:22:26 PM) concerning problems with the NBN Interim Satellite service, particularly for distance education students. In response I suggested some techniques, including those from m-learning,  could be used to reduce the bandwidth requirements.

It has been suggested that the problem only really exists in Queensland, as other states have school distance education programs which specifically cater for the limitations of satellite communications, for example using IP multicast. The suggestion is that most of the "distance" students in Queensland are actually in Brisbane (where there is good broadband access) and so catering for remote student in not a priority.

The Queensland DE schools cater to students who are unable to attend a campus due to a remote location,  medical condition, itinerant lifestyle, have been suspended from a school, are mature age or home-based by choice.

Looking at the Education Queensland website, the department provides schools of distance education for geographically isolated areas (Cairns, Rockhampton, Emerald, Charleville, Charters Towers, Longreach, Mount Isa) and one in Brisbane. They also provide for "... other home based students with limited educational choice...  mainstream school students and providing a service for by choice home based learners and students in a range of alternative education centres". Given that most of the DE schools are in regional areas, it would be surprising if they were not specifically catering for the needs of distance students.

M-learning to Speed Up NBN Interim Satellite Service

This is to propose using mobile learning techniques (m-learning) to improve the delivery of on-line education via the NBN Interim Satellite Service (NBN-ISS). At the same time the same materials can be provided to students in the city.

ABC TV's Landline's "Data Drought" segment (4/10/2015) indicated that students have had difficulty with e-learning via the NBN-ISS, due to limited bandwidth. A new satellite next year will increase capacity, but the satellite service will always be limited, compared to cable services in cities (due to physics and geography).

It is possible to design courses, content and software for use over satellite service. But this may not be feasible for the relatively small number of remote students in Australia. However, city students are increasingly using mobile devices (smart phones, tablets) for education. Use of mobile devices requires the redesign of  courses, content and software.  Mobile devices have more limited communications, in much the same way as remote satellite users. Therefore it should be possible to take into account the needs of satellite users while designing mobile learning.

Responsive web design allows the same educational content to adapt to smart phones, tablets, laptops and desktop computers, automatically. This eliminates the need to design separate mobile and a desktop versions of course materials and software: the one version can be used for both.

Course materials can be implemented in efficient formats which minimize download time Caching can be used so the material can be used off-line, without a constant Internet connection. Courses can be carefully designed and tested, so students don;t need to download amendments to course materials. Optional material can have its meta-data provided separately, so students can decide if they need to download it at all.

Materials can be provided in text, audio and video formats, so students can choose the format which suits their needs and network access. Budgets can be set for each course, so the amount of material to be downloaded will be known.

Students can be provided with short text based "nudges" to remind them what they need to do and when. The use of live synchronized video can be minimized, both to mqaximise the student's productive time and minimise network use. Where live events are required, these can have an audio with limited video option.

These techniques can be used to improve the executional experience for all students, but will particularly help remote students.

Currently I am a student of Mobile Learning, as part of a Masters of Education. For my next assignment, I am required to take an existing on-line course and convert it for mobile learning. Is there an example of open access course material currently used via the NBN I could try converting?

New NBN Satellite for Education

Bandwidth for education is an issue in the national press in Australia this week. The first of two satellites (the first named "Sky Muster"), costing the government $500M each, has been launched to supply broadband to remote communities. But already there is worry the system will become quickly overloaded. The government had considered adding third satellite, but a 2014 review determined it would not be used to capacity.

Two satellites will provide 135 Gbps down and 40 Gbps up, shared by about 200,000 ground-stations (Gregory, 2015).

The current interim satellite system has become overloaded, with each customer reduced from 100 gigabytes (GB) a month to 45 gigabytes. As a news item points out (Courtney, 2015) this has to be shared by all students at one location. So five students would only get 9 GB each.

The Australian Government estimates that "... a typical distance education student will download 15 to 20 gigabytes (GB) of data in a month" (Fletcher, 2015). I was not able to find the original research this figure was based on.

I suggest there are many similarities between the bandwidth issue for satellite and mobile users. Also some of the satellite users will be using a mobile device for access, with the signal relayed from the satellite ground station to a mobile device, using WiFi or a mobile phone base station (as far as I know this satellite is not designed for hand-held sat-phones).

Providing efficiently encoded educational materials and services might suit both mobile and satellite users. Rather than have three versions of the interface and content: one for satellite users, one for mobile and one for desktop, it should be possible to use the one for all.

Has anyone estimated what bandwidth is needed for a typical Australian distance education university student? I suspect it is much less than the 15 GB estimate.

Perhaps the NBN system needs a way the consumer can reserve capacity for different uses.  For example, an amount could be reserved per month for educational purposes.

Where bandwidth is limited or access intermittent, technical means, such as caching, can be used to reduce dependence on the network. Also the educational material can be designed to reduce dependence on the network. As an example, a classic distance education design can be used. With this the student receives a package of materials at the start of a course (traditionally a "reading brick" but now an e-book, or SCORM package). This provides all the materials the student needs for an entire semester. The course materials also include a study plan for the student to work through. The student completes exercises and sends in their work for assessment.

This Distance Education approach did not have a high completion rate in the days of paper mail. But with e-learning the student can be sent short nudges to help them work. These consist of short postings every week or few days from a human tutor (or from automated reminders programmed into the course). Where bandwidth is limited these postings can be a few hundred characters of text sent by the Learning Management System (or an SMS message, or email), with a link to the relevant section of the course notes. Students are prompted to respond. This greatly increases the sense of involvement by the students.

If there is sufficient capacity, students can have an on-line discussion of the course by text forum. If there is sufficient capacity, this can be supplemented by audio and video. However, audio and video place much higher demands on the network and research shows that they do not greatly increase student educational outcomes, over text based communication.

References

Courtney, P. (2015, October 1). Rural communities fear 'data drought' for 18 months despite launch of NBN satellite Sky Muster. Australian Broadcasting Commission. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-01/rural-internet-customers-battling-data-drought-despite-satellite/6819908

Fletcher, P. (2015, May 19). CommsDay Satellite Summit: 'Putting satellite to its highest value uses'. Office of the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Communications. Retrieved from http://www.minister.communications.gov.au/paul_fletcher/speeches/commsday_satellite_summit_putting_satellite_to_its_highest_value_uses

Gregory, M. (2015, October 2). Sky Muster a small step forward for NBN, Australian Business Review. Retrieved from
http://www.businessspectator.com.au/article/2015/10/2/technology/sky-muster-small-step-forward-nbn

Correction (4 October 2015):

As originally posted, I wrote that there were to be three NBN satellites all named 'Sky Muster'. Tailgator pointed out (October 3, 2015 at 12:40 PM) "... there are only two satellites being launched... the name - is not generic for both Satellites ...". I have corrected both errors.

Plans for a third satellite were dropped after a 2014 review. It was not expected a third satellite would be fully used (which I think will turn out to have not been a good decision):

"The Review estimates that only of the capacity of a third satellite would be utilised. The remaining capacity could then be commercialised, either by NBN Co or a third party. However, there are limited opportunities for NBN Co to monetise the spare capacity in its third satellite, as the majority of bandwidth supply is unlikely to be met with significant market demand from potential corporate end-users. This scenario also reduces the need for base stations and therefore reduces long term operating expenditure". From page 90, NBN Fixed Wireless and Satellite Review Report, NBN Co, May 2014

Of course some user education and custom browser configuration should be able to at least double the effective capacity of the two satellites, for a fraction of the cost of the third.

How Much Internet Does an On-line Student Need?

Ampalavanapillai Nirmalathas has expressed concern about the adequacy of the NBN ISS (Australian National Broadband Network Interim Satellite Service). Providing broadband in remote areas could be a boon for education. But what speed, latency and amount of data is needed by a student and does the NBN ISS provide this?

This is a sensitive political issue because the NBN ISS is intended to provide broadband Internet access to remote areas. These are areas which have limited educational facilities and so one obvious use of the NBN is to provide education. Also there are indigenous communities in remote areas and the adequacy of provision of services to these areas is in question.

Is the NBN ISS capable of providing an adequate service for remote students? In particular is this adequate for remote indigenous students, including teacher training?

If not managed well, the introduction of the NBN may increase disadvantage for those outside the cities. If city students have access to large amounts of high speed, low latency broadband, then educators are likely to design their on-line courses for this service. These courses may then not work on limited regional networks. In contrast, if the courses are designed for the limitations of the remote service they will still work in the city.